（三）美方滥用出口管制破坏全球供应链稳定
3. US Abuse of Export Controls Destabilizes Global Supply Chains
近年来，美方泛化国家安全，滥施长臂管辖，持续将出口管制政治化、武器化、工具化，对其他国家产业和企业实施制裁打压，严重阻碍全球正常经贸往来，破坏全球产业链供应链稳定。
In recent years, the US has generalized the concept of national security, exercised excessivelong-arm jurisdiction, and continued to politicalize, weaponize, and instrumentalize export controls, imposing sanctions and suppressive measures on various industries and enterprises of other countries. Such practices have severely obstructed normal economic and trade exchanges worldwide and disrupted the stability of global industrial and supply chains.
Excessive adj. 过度的，过分的；极度的
Jurisdiction n. 司法权; 裁判权
美方以国家安全和人权为名行打压遏制之实。2022年以来，美国以所谓国家安全为由，连续多次升级对华半导体和人工智能出口管制，从限集成电路到限制造到限代工再到限软件，几乎是对半导体全产业链的打压。
The US suppresses other countries in the name of national security and human rights. Since 2022, the US has updated its export controls on China's semiconductor and AI sectors in multiple instances under the pretext of national security, expanding restrictions from integrated circuits to manufacturing, outsourcing, and software - almost covering the entire semiconductor industrial chain.
美国对人工智能模型及提供底层算力支撑的集成电路采取歧视性管制措施，实质是在人工智能领域搞“三六九等”、分“亲疏远近”，剥夺包括中国在内广大发展中国家实现科技进步的权利。
By implementing discriminatory export controls on AI models and integrated circuits that provide underlying computing power support, the US is, in essence, creating a tiered structure within the realm of AI, favoring certain entities while depriving the vast number of developing countries, including China, the right to achieve technological advancement.
近年来，美方以强迫劳动为由将中国多家实体列入“维吾尔强迫劳动预防法实体清单”，并持续以人权为由对中国相关实体实施出口管制制裁。
In recent years, the US has placed a number of Chinese entities on the Uygur Forced Labor Prevention Act Entity List under the pretext that they are engaged in "forced labor", and has continuously imposed export controls on Chinese entities under the pretext of human rights.
受制裁的企业并没有所谓“强迫劳动”问题，有的企业已全面实现无人化生产，有的企业已通过第三方机构对其开展审计，未发现任何“强迫劳动”的证据。制裁使得中国企业无辜面临断供应、断资金、断合作的严重影响，合法权益受到严重损害。
In fact, the enterprises subjected to sanction do not have any issue of "forced labor" - some have fully realized automated production, and others have undergone auditing and inspection by third-party institutions, with no evidence of "forced labor" being identified. Unjust US sanctions have had severe consequences for Chinese enterprises affected, such as supply chain disruptions, fund shortages, and loss of partners, substantiallyinfringing on their legitimate rights and interests.
美方滥用出口管制，无理制裁大批中国实体。长期以来，美方对中方实施严苛的出口管制政策，还以涉俄、涉伊、涉恐、涉毒等为由，对中国实体使用“黑名单”工具进行打压遏制，中国被制裁实体面临供应链断裂、技术合作受阻等困境。
The US abuses export controls in the unjustified sanctioning of Chinese entities. For a long time, the US has implemented strict export control policies against China, and has suppressed Chinese entities using "blacklists" as tools under the pretext of issues related to Russia, Iran, terrorism, and narcotics. Sanctioned Chinese entities face difficulties such as supply chain disruption and technological cooperation blockage.
Terrorism n. 恐怖主义；恐怖统治；恐怖行动
Narcotics麻醉毒品
近年来，美方对华制裁频次和烈度大幅提升。美国智库研究认为，“美制裁清单制定缺乏透明度与公正性。出口管制实体清单增列程序依赖保密信息，缺乏透明度；增列标准较为模糊，缺乏明确界定；移出门槛极高，导致企业难以通过司法诉讼进行移单。”
In recent years, US sanctions against China have grown significantly in both frequency and intensity. Research by a US think tankrevealed that US sanction lists lack transparency and fairness. For instance, the addition of entities to the Entity List for export controls is based on confidential information and lacks transparency; the criteria for addition are opaque and lack clear definitions; the threshold for removal is extremely high, making it difficult for entities on the list to move out through judicial proceedings.
Opaque /oʊˈpeɪk/ adj. 不透明的；难理解的, 晦涩的
Threshold n. 门槛；〈喻〉开始
Judicial proceedings司法诉讼
美方措施损人不利己，扰乱全球产业链供应链稳定。美方滥施长臂管辖，通过最低含量规则和外国直接产品规则，人为“筑墙”“脱钩”，违背经济规律和市场规则，不仅使双方产业合作面临巨大不确定性，而且严重破坏国际贸易秩序和全球产业链供应链安全稳定。
The US measures are counterproductive and detrimental, disrupting the stability of global industrial and supply chains.The US abuses long-arm jurisdiction anddeliberately erects barriers and breaks chainsthrough the De Minimis Rules and Foreign-Direct Product (FDP) Rules, in violation ofeconomic laws and market rules. Such practices create huge uncertainty in bilateral industrial cooperation, severely undermine the international trade order, and threaten the security and stability of global industrial and supply chains.
Counterproductive adj. 反生产的，使达不到预期目标的
Detrimental adj. 有害的, 不利的
Deliberately adv. 慎重地；谨慎地；故意地，蓄意地；从容不迫地，不慌不忙地
例如，美国2023年颁布的“1017”半导体规则首次运用最低含量规则，对于特定光刻设备，只要含有任何美国元素，对华出口时须向美国申请许可。
For example, the regulations regarding semiconductors issued by the US government on October 17, 2023 adopted the De Minimis Rules for the first time, according to which the export of specific lithography equipment containing any American components to China requires a permit from the US government.
Lithography /lɪ'θαgrəfi/ n. 平版印刷术
美2024年颁布的“1202”半导体措施，对24种半导体设备设限，并增设外国直接产品规则，要求其他国家生产的相关半导体制造设备在对华出口时，只要含有特定美国元素就需要向美申请许可，目的就是禁止美国产品进入中国市场，也禁止其他国家相似产品进入。
The semiconductor export control measures released by the US on December 2, 2024 imposed restrictions on 24 types of semiconductor equipment, and introduced the FDP Rules mandatingthat semiconductor manufacturing equipment produced in other countries that contain specific American components must also obtain a license from the US before being exported to China. The purpose is to prevent American semiconductor equipment from entering the Chinese market and prohibit similar products from other countries as well.
美国芯片巨头英伟达表示，新规实际上威胁了全球创新和经济增长，并使其失去中国市场，处于竞争劣势。纽约联储研究显示，美对华各类制裁措施使美企业市值损失约1300亿美元。
US chip giant Nvidia commented that these new regulations actually threaten global innovation and economic growth and have caused it to lose market share in China and thus its competitiveness. A survey by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York indicates that various US sanctions against China have caused American companies to lose approximately US$130 billion in market value.
