Q&A: Empowering vulnerable communities in the face of growing natural threats问答：面对日益严重的自然威胁，增强弱势社区的能力Researchers and collaborators discuss ongoing pilot project. Credit: Tom Casciato研究人员和合作者讨论正在进行的试点项目。 图片来源：汤姆·卡西亚托A new study reveals how people in low-income communities of color are inequitably vulnerable to wildfire smoke, extreme heat, and other hazards fueled by climate change. The pilot study details ways for these communities to gather data and improve outcomes.一项新的研究揭示了低收入有色人种社区的人们如何不公平地容易受到野火烟雾、极端高温和气候变化引发的其他危害的影响。 该试点研究详细介绍了这些社区收集数据和改善结果的方法。Heavy wildfire smoke drifting from Canada to U.S. cities hundreds of miles away is a stark reminder that no community is immune from climate change-fueled hazards. A Stanford-led study published recently in Environmental Research Letters provides a blueprint for empowering people in frontline communities—those that experience the "first and worst" consequences of climate change—to better understand and deal with wildfire smoke, extreme heat, and other hazards.浓烈的野火烟雾从加拿大飘到数百英里外的美国城市，这清楚地提醒我们，没有一个社区能够免受气候变化引发的危害的影响。 最近在《环境研究快报》上发表的一项由斯坦福大学领导的研究提供了一个蓝图，旨在帮助一线社区的人们（那些经历气候变化“首要和最严重”后果的人）更好地理解和应对野火烟雾、极端高温和其他危害 。The research—done in four predominantly low-income, non-English-speaking San Francisco Bay Area communities—details ways for frontline communities to gather relevant data through surveys and instruments that monitor air quality, temperature, and participant sleep health, and how to improve outcomes through various interventions.这项研究在旧金山湾区四个主要是低收入、非英语国家的社区中进行，详细介绍了一线社区通过调查和监测空气质量、温度和参与者睡眠健康的仪器来收集相关数据的方法，以及如何 通过各种干预措施改善结果。Below, lead author Natalie Herbert, senior author Gabrielle Wong-Parodi and coauthor Cade Cannedydiscuss the pilot study's implications for policymaking, community-led science, and more. Herbert is a research scientist in the department of Earth system science at the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, Wong-Parodi is an assistant professor of Earth system science and a center fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Cannedy is a program manager at Climate Resilient Communities and a Stanford graduate.下面，主要作者 Natalie Herbert、资深作者 Gabrielle Wong-Parodi 和合著者 Cade Cannedy 讨论了该试点研究对政策制定、社区主导的科学等的影响。 赫伯特是斯坦福杜尔可持续发展学院地球系统科学系的研究科学家，黄帕罗迪是地球系统科学助理教授和斯坦福伍兹环境研究所的中心研究员。 坎尼迪是气候适应社区的项目经理，毕业于斯坦福大学。How have frontline communities suffered disproportionately from wildfire smoke, extreme heat, and other climate hazards?前线社区为何遭受野火烟雾、极端高温和其他气候危害的严重影响？Cannedy: In the communities we studied, housing is often very old or in poor condition. This allows smoke, heat, and other hazards to penetrate the home. Also, the impact of these events is often cumulative. For example, wildfire smoke can have greater consequences for your health if you already have asthma from growing up in a chronically pollution burdened community like those in our study area.Cannedy：在我们研究的社区中，住房往往非常陈旧或状况不佳。 这使得烟雾、热量和其他危险进入房屋。 此外，这些事件的影响往往是累积的。 例如，如果您在长期污染严重的社区（如我们研究区域的社区）长大而患有哮喘，那么野火烟雾可能会对您的健康产生更大的影响。What are some key interventions frontline communities can employ to deal with wildfire smoke, extreme heat, and other climate hazards?前线社区可以采取哪些关键干预措施来应对野火烟雾、极端高温和其他气候危害？Herbert: We found communities are already acting to protect their health from climate hazards. For example, they're wearing masks and staying inside during smoke and heat. Yet there are opportunities for more interventions that provide additional protection, whether from public health agencies, weatherization assistance programs, or funders who support the work of our community partners.赫伯特：我们发现社区已经采取行动保护他们的健康免受气候危害。 例如，他们戴着口罩，在烟雾和高温下呆在室内。 然而，还有机会采取更多干预措施来提供额外的保护，无论是来自公共卫生机构、防风雨援助计划，还是支持我们社区合作伙伴工作的资助者。For wildfire smoke, we want to increase the number of households with better weatherization to reduce infiltration, who have and use air cleaners with HEPA filters, and who wear better masks like N95s when they're outside.对于野火烟雾，我们希望增加具有更好防风性能以减少渗透的家庭数量，这些家庭拥有并使用带 HEPA 过滤器的空气净化器，并且在户外时佩戴 N95 等更好的口罩。Why should policymakers care about your pilot study?为什么政策制定者应该关心你的试点研究？Herbert: We learned through our pilot that the programs policymakers might wish to deploy—such as improved improving weatherization and increasing access to air purifiers—could have unintended consequences for low-income communities. Weatherization in rental units could cause landlords to increase rents, and air purifiers won't get used if people cannot afford the associated power bill. Renter protections and outreach from low-income home energy assistance programs can help.赫伯特：我们通过试点了解到，政策制定者可能希望部署的计划（例如改进耐候性和增加空气净化器的使用率）可能会给低收入社区带来意想不到的后果。 出租单位的风化可能会导致房东提高租金，如果人们负担不起相关的电费，空气净化器就不会被使用。 租户保护和低收入家庭能源援助计划的推广可以提供帮助。Wong-Parodi: Our pilot highlights a key insight for policymakers: the reason many frontline communities are exposed to climate hazards stems from structural and institutional systems that create situations where some people have been marginalized and have fewer resources. It's important to acknowledge we have little or no information about how people in these communities are exposed, or what they are thinking, doing, and feeling in response to these threats. This information is key to developing programs and policies that can best and appropriately meet the needs of frontline communities.Wong-Parodi：我们的试点项目向政策制定者强调了一个重要见解：许多前线社区面临气候危害的原因源于结构和制度体系，这些体系造成了一些人被边缘化和资源匮乏的情况。 重要的是要承认，我们对这些社区中的人们如何接触这些威胁，或者他们在应对这些威胁时的想法、做法和感受知之甚少或根本没有信息。 这些信息对于制定能够最好、适当地满足前线社区需求的计划和政策至关重要。What are some of the important lessons learned from this pilot study, and how might they be incorporated into similar studies?从这项试点研究中汲取了哪些重要经验教训？如何将它们纳入类似的研究中？Wong-Parod: Our pilot would not have been successful without our community partners and community ambassadors. They reached out to their networks of friends, families, and neighbors to enroll participants. They were key in helping us to explain the study and its benefits, as well as allaying concerns.Wong-Parod：如果没有我们的社区合作伙伴和社区大使，我们的试点项目就不会成功。 他们联系朋友、家人和邻居网络来招募参与者。 他们是帮助我们解释这项研究及其好处以及消除担忧的关键。Cannedy: Many people want to make actions accessible, but often don't consider the equity implications. For example, having people download a smartphone app might be a great, low cost intervention for users with a lot of resources and technical expertise. But for folks who are already experiencing the worst consequences of climate change, that might not be the best solution.Cannedy：许多人希望让行动变得容易实现，但往往不考虑公平性的影响。 例如，对于拥有大量资源和技术专业知识的用户来说，让人们下载智能手机应用程序可能是一种很好的、低成本的干预措施。 但对于那些已经遭受气候变化最严重后果的人们来说，这可能不是最好的解决方案。
