（六）美方违规滥用贸易救济措施增加贸易不确定性
6. US Abuse of Trade Remedy Measures Increases Uncertainty in Trade
“美国第一”贸易政策备忘录要求美国商务部审查反倾销和反补贴政策与法规的实施情况，包括跨国补贴和“归零”①等。调查跨国补贴及“归零”的做法明显违反世界贸易组织规则，将其应用于反倾销或反补贴调查，将人为夸大其他国家对美国出口商品的倾销或补贴幅度，扰乱正常的国际贸易秩序和经贸合作，损害包括美国及其企业和消费者在内的各方利益。
The Memorandum on America First Trade Policy specifically requests the USDOC to review the application of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy policies and regulations, including those related to transnational subsidies and "zeroing"1. Transnational subsidy investigations and "zeroing" clearly violate WTO rules. Applying these to anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations will artificially exaggerate the dumping or subsidy margin of the products exported to the US, disturb the normal global trade order and economic and trade cooperation, and damage the interests of all parties concerned, including the US itself and its own enterprises and consumers.
①在计算倾销量（出口价格和正常价值的差额）过程中，仅取正值，将所有负值均视为零，不与正值抵消。与正常做法相比，“归零”往往会显著增大倾销量的计算结果，从而提高倾销幅度和反倾销税率。
[1] In the process of calculating dumping (normal value minus export price), only positive differences are taken, and all negative differences are regarded as zero and cannot offset the positive differences. Compared with normal calculation methods, "zeroing" tends to substantially increase apparent evidence of dumping, resulting in higher dumping margins and anti-dumping duty rates.
对跨国补贴进行调查违反相关规则。长期以来，美国承认世界贸易组织《补贴与反补贴措施协定》（SCM协定）不适用于跨国补贴的基本原则，对跨国补贴的调查持严格限制态度。
The investigations on transnational subsidies violate relevant rules. Over a long period of time, the US acknowledged the basic principle that the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (also known as SCM Agreement) of the WTO does not apply to transnational subsidies and minimized the use of transnational subsidy investigations.
美国《联邦法典》规定，除非存在法定的个别例外情况，如果补贴是由受补贴企业所在国以外的另一国政府提供的，或是由国际贷款或开发机构提供的，则不视为补贴。
The US Code of Federal Regulations stipulates that a subsidy shall not bedeemed to exist if it is provided by a government of a country other than the country in which the recipient firm is located, or by an international lending or development institution, unless there is an individual statutory exception.
Deem vt. 认为，视作；相信vi. 认为，持某种看法；作某种评价
Recipient /rɪˈsɪpiənt/ n. 接受者
Statutory /ˈstætʃətɔːri/ adj. 依照法令的, 法定的
2024年4月，美国商务部修订反补贴法规，废除了《联邦法典》上述规定，完全放开了对跨国补贴的调查。此后，美国商务部在多起反补贴案中发起跨国补贴调查。
In April 2024, the USDOC amended its anti-dumping and countervailing duty regulations, repealed this stipulation, and began to allow investigating transnational subsidies. Since then, the USDOC has initiated investigations against transnational subsidies in multiple anti-subsidy cases.
美国的上述法规修订和调查实践明显违反世界贸易组织规则。SCM协定规定，补贴是“由一成员领土内”的政府或任何公共机构提供的财政资助，第2条规定具有专向性的补贴是指在补贴授予机构的管辖范围内给予某一或某些企业或行业的补贴。
This regulation amendment and these investigations clearly contravene relevant WTO rules. The SCM Agreement specifies that a subsidy is a financial contribution by a government or any public body "within the territory of a Member" and that a specific subsidy is one that is specific to an enterprise or industry or group of enterprises or industries within the jurisdiction of the granting authority in Article 2.
这些都表明补贴的授予机构和接受者应在同一管辖范围内。实际上，该协定明确规定，“接受补贴的企业应为提供补贴的成员领土内的企业”。因此，只有世界贸易组织成员向位于其境内的企业提供的补贴才可适用SCM协定发起反补贴调查。
These all show that the granting authority and the recipient shall be within the same jurisdiction. The SCM Agreement clearly specifies that "The recipient firm is a firm in the territory of the subsidizing Member". Therefore, according to the SCM Agreement, anti-subsidy investigations can only be initiated on a subsidy provided by a WTO member to an enterprise in its territory.
美国对上述法规的修订和调查实践也不符合美国法律。美国《1930年关税法》规定，补贴是一国领土范围内的政府或公共机构提供给其管辖范围内的企业或产业的补贴。因此，美国商务部的相关法规修订、调查和裁决没有美国国内法的依据或授权。
The amendment to the regulation and the subsequent investigations also contravene US law. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 stipulates that a subsidy is granted by a government or public bodyof a country within its territory to an enterprise or industry within the jurisdiction of the granting authority. Therefore, the USDOC's regulation amendment, investigations, and rulingsare without legal basis and unauthorized according to US domestic laws.
Subsequent adj. 随后的, 继…之后的
违规使用“归零”做法人为扩大倾销幅度。在世界贸易组织历史上，“归零”做法因其夸大倾销幅度而广受质疑和诟病。
The abuse of "zeroing" artificially expands dumping margins. Over the years, the practice of "zeroing" has been treated with skepticismand criticized widely for exaggerating dumping margins.
截至2025年2月7日，世界贸易组织争端解决机制至少受理了27起与“归零”合规性问题有关的案件，其中有2起早期案件的被诉方是欧盟，其余25起案件的被诉方均是美国。
By February 7, 2025, the WTO dispute settlement mechanism had received 27 cases concerning the legality of "zeroing", among which two early cases targeted the EU and 25 targeted the US.
美国在已经审理完毕的所有相关案件中均被裁决违反世界贸易组织规则。美国一方面拒绝放弃“归零”，另一方面也迫于不断败诉的压力，逐步调整其“归零”做法，但至今仍利用《反倾销协定》中的模糊空间，在其认为存在“目标倾销”的案件中坚持“归零”。
The US has been ruled in violation of relevant WTO rules in all cases completed to date. On the one hand, the US has refused to refrain from "zeroing". On the other hand, it has been gradually adjusting the practice of "zeroing" under the pressure of constant legal setbacks. But the US still takes advantage of the ambiguityin the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Anti-dumping Agreement) and insists on applying "zeroing" in cases where it considers "targeted dumping" exists.
如果美国在根据“美国第一”贸易政策备忘录进行审查后，“复活”非目标倾销下的“归零”做法，将违反世界贸易组织规则，并公然违背世界贸易组织争端解决机制20多年来在诸多案件中就“归零”问题作出的裁决。
If, after reviewing its policies and regulations as requested by the Memorandum on America First Trade Policy, the US revives the practice of "zeroing" under non-targeted dumping circumstances, it will contravene WTO rules and blatantly violate the WTO dispute settlement mechanism's rulings in numerous cases over the past two decades.
Circumstance n. 环境, 条件, 情况；境遇, 经济状况
Blatantly /ˈbletntlɪ/ adv. 喧闹地；公然地
“归零”的复活和扩大化将人为“制造”倾销或者提高倾销幅度，从而使其他世界贸易组织成员对美出口的被调查产品面临不公平的高额反倾销税，损害各世界贸易组织成员及其企业的利益。
The revival and expansion of "zeroing" will create artificial dumping or increase dumping margins, thus imposing unfair, hefty anti-dumping duties on products exported to the US by other WTO members, and damaging the interests of the members and their enterprises.
