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漿果研讀|SCAE 研磨研究報告

   日期:2026-08-19 02:37:19     来源:网络整理    作者:本站编辑    评论:0    
漿果研讀|SCAE 研磨研究報告
Page 2 (引言)
INTRODUCTION
引言
In 2013, the Speciality Coffee Association of Europe (SCAE) published the research paper 'European Extraction Preferences in Brewed Coffee'. Our objective was to scientifically establish European coffee taste preferences. It was the result of a dedicated programme of field-based research conducted throughout Europe in 2011.
2013 年,歐洲精品咖啡協會 (SCAE) 發表了研究論文《歐洲沖煮咖啡的萃取偏好》。我們的目標是透過科學方式確立歐洲咖啡的味覺偏好。這是 2011 年在歐洲各地進行的一系列實地研究計劃的成果。
Continuing the association's commitment to research based education, SCAE partnered with the Nordic Barista Cup (NBC) in 2013 to continue this research initiative. The opportunity to work together with the NBC and sensory scientist Francisca Listov-Saabye gave SCAE an excellent second step in our research journey, targeting the murky subject of flat versus conical burrs in coffee grinding.
秉持協會對以研究為基礎的教育之承諾,SCAE 於 2013 年與北歐咖啡師盃 (NBC) 合作,延續這項研究計劃。與 NBC 及感官科學家 Francisca Listov-Saabye 合作的機會,為我們的研究旅程提供了極佳的第二步,目標是針對咖啡研磨中「平刀與錐刀」這個充滿迷思的議題進行探討。
This paper sees both the continuation of SCAE's commitment to research based education but also the beginning of a scientific journey which will bring our members an annual deliverable of research based data to help our community drive excellence in speciality coffee, which is based on fact rather than opinion.
這份文件不僅見證了 SCAE 對研究導向教育承諾的延續,也標誌著一段科學旅程的開端。這將為我們的會員每年帶來基於研究數據的成果,幫助我們的社群在精品咖啡中追求卓越,而這一切都奠基於事實而非主觀意見。
Paul Stack
Chair SCAE Education Committee 2012-2014
June 2014
Paul Stack
SCAE 教育委員會主席 (2012-2014)
2014 年 6 月
Page 3 (摘要)
WHAT TO EXPECT.....
您將在報告中看到……
Myth busting based on scientific research. A walk through of the entire grinding research project which led up to the highlight of presenting the research at the Nordic Barista Cup 2013.
基於科學研究的迷思破解。完整回顧整個研磨研究計劃, culminating 在 2013 年北歐咖啡師盃上發表該研究的精彩時刻。
An in-depth review of the challenge at SCAE in Nice where the coffee attendees did NOT recognise the difference between the coffees.
深入探討在 SCAE 尼斯(法國)會場的挑戰,當時參與的咖啡專業人士未能辨識出咖啡之間的差異。
The grand finale with the disclosure of the hard true facts from the live evaluation cupping at NBC 2013 - The attending coffee professionals in Oslo could NOT taste the difference between flat and conical grinding burrs.
最終的壓軸好戲,揭露來自 NBC 2013 現場評估杯測的鐵一般的事實——在奧斯陸參與的咖啡專業人士,無法分辨出平刀與錐刀磨豆機研磨出的咖啡風味差異。
Page 5 (背景與專案經理)
BACKGROUND
背景
THE PROJECT MANAGER
專案經理
Francisca Listov-Saabye has a master's degree in Food Science, specialising in sensory science. She has been gathering a broad knowledge in consumer and sensory science as well as new product development and food production over 13 years in the food industry.
Francisca Listov-Saabye 擁有食品科學碩士學位,專攻感官科學。她在食品產業擁有 13 年的經驗,累積了涵蓋消費者科學、感官科學、新產品開發以及食品生產的廣泛知識。
CONTACT INFORMATION
聯絡資訊
Francisca Listov-Saabye
francisca@listov-saabye.dk
+45 2634 4634
LinkedIn profile: dk.linkedin.com/in/franciscalistovsaabye/
【圖片解析:磨豆機刀盤示意圖】
 圖片內容:上方為錐刀 (Conical Burr) 的內部結構圖,呈現立體的齒狀結構;下方為平刀 (Flat Burr) 的俯視圖,呈現兩片平行圓盤的齒紋結構。
漿果解析:這張圖片展示了本研究核心對比的兩種磨豆機刀盤類型。在精品咖啡社群中,長久以來存在一種普遍認知:錐刀能產生較均勻的顆粒,並帶來更豐富的甜感與層次;而平刀則能產生較多的細粉,並帶來更清晰的酸質與香氣。這項研究正是要透過科學方法來驗證這個認知是否屬實。
THE NBC/SCAE GOLD CUP GRINDING RESEARCH PROJECT
NBC/SCAE 金杯研磨研究專案
Back in 2011 during the competitions at the Nordic Barista Cup a discovery was made: The temperature of the ground coffee seemed to increase throughout the session. This assumption was the basis on which Francisca did a small scale trial at the next NBC in 2012.
早在 2011 年的北歐咖啡師盃比賽期間,一個發現被注意到:研磨後的咖啡粉溫度似乎在整個過程中不斷升高。這個假設成為 Francisca 在 2012 年下一屆 NBC 上進行小規模試驗的基礎。
The trial investigated the temperature increase in the ground coffee beans during the espresso completion, where 250 espressos were produced in 40 min.
該試驗調查了濃縮咖啡製作過程中咖啡粉的溫度升高情況,當時在 40 分鐘內連續製作了 250 杯濃縮咖啡。
The discussions of the results lead to developing the present NBC/SCAE Gold Cup grinding research project.
對這些結果的討論,最終促成了這項 NBC/SCAE 金杯研磨研究專案的開展。
On coffee debate forums, in blogs and "through the grapevine" there was a saying, an understanding, that there was a taste difference between a flat and a conical burr grinder. We set out to investigate this.
在咖啡論壇、部落格以及「小道消息」中,普遍存在著一種說法或共識:平刀與錐刀磨豆機在風味上存在差異。我們決定對此進行深入研究。
How do the grinder characteristics such as burr size and type (flat or conical) influence the taste of coffee?
磨豆機的特性(例如刀盤尺寸和類型——平刀或錐刀)如何影響咖啡的風味?
Hypothesis: There is a taste difference between a flat and a conical burr grinder!
研究假設:平刀與錐刀磨豆機所研磨出的咖啡,在風味上確實存在差異!
【圖片解析:咖啡實驗室器材】
 圖片內容:一系列黑白照片,展示了實驗室中的設備,包括多台不同品牌的磨豆機(如 Mahlkönig、Mazzer)、濾泡式咖啡機 (Wilfa Svart, BUNN)、以及咖啡粉與液體樣品。
漿果解析:這組照片展現了本研究嚴謹的實驗室環境。為了確保變因的控制,研究人員使用了多種不同品牌、不同刀盤尺寸與類型的磨豆機,並嚴格控制了水質、烘焙度(北歐淺焙)與沖煮參數(TDS 濃度)。這顯示研究旨在排除其他變因,單獨檢視「刀盤類型」對風味的影響。
Page 5 (材料與設備)
MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT
材料與設備
THE COFFEE LAB
咖啡實驗室
At Europa Tietgen, a café and canteen setting in Copenhagen, Francisca set up her coffee lab collecting a lot of grinders and brewers.
在哥本哈根的一家名為 Europa Tietgen 的咖啡館兼餐廳空間中,Francisca 建立了她的咖啡實驗室,並收集了大量的磨豆機和沖煮設備。
The grinders were chosen according to variance in burr size and burr type as well as being grinders targeted at consumer, prosumer and coffee professional markets.
磨豆機的選擇依據是刀盤尺寸和類型的差異性,同時也涵蓋了針對消費者、專業玩家以及咖啡專業人士市場的機型。
An investigation of the coffee bars in Copenhagen was conducted and additional grinders were obtained in order to represent the reality of baristas etc.
研究團隊對哥本哈根的咖啡館進行了調查,並額外取得了更多磨豆機,以確保能真實反映咖啡師在實際工作中的使用狀況。
In the coffee lab, trials were conducted looking into coffee retention, regrind, setting of grinders and usability in general. See table of grinders.
在咖啡實驗室中,進行了關於咖啡殘粉量、二次研磨、磨豆機設定以及整體可用性的試驗。詳見磨豆機規格表。
Page 6 (設備與咖啡)
EQUIPMENT
設備
- Water and coffee was weighed using a G&G digital pocket scale, model LS2000H (sensitivity 0-1000 gram 0.05 gram, 1000-2000 gram 0.1 gram).
- 使用 G&G 數位口袋秤,型號 LS2000H(靈敏度:0-1000 克為 0.05 克,1000-2000 克為 0.1 克)來稱量水和咖啡。
- The temperature of the brew as well as of the samples for %TDS measurement was measured using a Testo Quicktemp 826-T3 thermometer or a Fluke 53-2 thermometer with a 9065 probe.
- 使用 Testo Quicktemp 826-T3 溫度計或配備 9065 探針的 Fluke 53-2 溫度計來測量沖煮液及用於 %TDS(總溶解固體)測量樣品的溫度。
- The total dry solids (%TDS) was measured by a VST LAB Coffee II Refractometer.
- 使用 VST LAB Coffee II 咖啡折射儀來測量總溶解固體 (%TDS)。
- Coffee was brewed on either a Wilfa Svart Presisjon machine filter brewer or a programmable BUNN filter ICB brewer.
- 咖啡使用 Wilfa Svart Presisjon 機器濾泡沖煮器或可編程的 BUNN 濾泡 ICB 沖煮器進行沖煮。
- Two different types of filters were used: Wilfa svart presisjon uses standard white paper filters size 4 from supermarket. These were washed with hot water prior to brewing. For the BUNN brewers, official BUNN paper filters were used. These were used dry due to practicality and the side of the filter being vertical.
- 使用了兩種不同類型的濾紙:Wilfa Svart Presisjon 使用超市購買的標準 4 號白色濾紙,沖煮前會先用熱水沖洗。BUNN 沖煮器則使用官方 BUNN 濾紙,由於實際操作考量(濾紙側邊是垂直的),這些濾紙是乾燥使用的。
COFFEE
咖啡
The coffee used throughout the research is Ethiopian TADE, sourced and roasted by Solberg & Hansen, Norway. The roast profile is a light Nordic style roast.
整個研究使用的咖啡是衣索比亞 TADE 品種,由挪威的 Solberg & Hansen 公司採購並烘焙。烘焙曲線為典型的北歐淺烘焙風格。
For each separate test during the research fresh roasted batches were used, co-ordinating to ensure evaluation was within 5-14 days after roasting.
研究中的每一項獨立測試都使用了新鮮烘焙的批次,並協調確保評估是在烘焙後的 5 至 14 天內進行。
WATER
水
The brew water was filtered water. The filter BWT Bestmax 2XL was used.
沖煮用水為過濾水,使用了 BWT Bestmax 2XL 濾水器。
At the SCAE World Coffee convention in Nice the filtered and controlled water at the fair was used.
在 SCAE 尼斯世界咖啡大會上,使用的是會場提供的經過過濾和控制的用水。
At the Nordic Barista Cup in Oslo the clean Norwegian water was filtered by Everpure 7FC filter.
在奧斯陸的北歐咖啡師盃,使用的是經過 Everpure 7FC 濾水器過濾的純淨挪威水。
WEIGHT OF COFFEE
咖啡重量
For the coffee retention trials, the coffee beans going into the grinder as well as the ground coffee coming out of the grinder were weighed. For the range of grinders tested in this study the weight of coffee in hardly ever resembles the weight of coffee out. Of any of the grinders!
在咖啡殘粉量試驗中,研究人員分別稱量了進入磨豆機的咖啡豆重量和磨豆機出來的咖啡粉重量。在這項研究中測試的所有磨豆機中,咖啡豆的「進」與「出」重量幾乎從來不一致。
Page 7 (磨豆機規格表)
TABLE OF GRINDERS IN SENSORY PROFILING
感官輪廓分析中的磨豆機列表
上圖
1. 品牌與型號 (Model)
涵蓋範圍: 包含了業界最具代表性的品牌:Nuova Simonelli, La Marzocco, Mazzer, Mahlkönig, Faema。
產業代表性: 這些品牌囊括了咖啡館(Mazzer, La Marzocco)、賽事指定(Nuova Simonelli, Mahlkönig)以及家用/工作室(Mahlkönig Vario)等不同市場區間,確保了研究結論的普遍適用性。
2. 刀盤類型 (Burr Type) —— 研究的核心變因
錐刀組 (Conical): MD5, Robur, MC99
平刀組 (Flat): Mythos, Vario, K30
漿果解析: 這是這項研究的核心假設(Hypothesis)來源。咖啡界長久以來認為平刀與錐刀會產生不同的風味輪廓。這張表格明確展示了研究團隊是如何試圖找到這個「風味差異」的。
3. 刀盤尺寸 (Burr Size)
數據範圍: 從 54mm (Vario) 到 75mm (Mythos)。
漿果解析: 這是一個非常重要的控制變因。表格顯示,研究並沒有簡單地拿「一台大平刀」去對比「一台小錐刀」。例如,Mazzer Robur (71mm 錐刀) 與 Mahlkönig K30 (65mm 平刀) 的尺寸相近;La Marzocco MD5 (65mm 錐刀) 與 Mahlkönig K30 (65mm 平刀) 甚至尺寸完全相同。這讓研究結果更能聚焦於「刀盤形狀」本身,而非「刀盤大小」造成的差異。
4. 刀盤材質 (Burr Material)
材質種類: 不鏽鋼 (Stainless steel)、鈦塗層鋼 (Titanium coated steel)、陶瓷 (Ceramic)。
漿果解析: 這是研究中另一個潛在的干擾變因。Mahlkönig Vario 使用的是「陶瓷刀盤」,而其他五台多為不鏽鋼。陶瓷刀盤的硬度、導熱性與鋒利度與鋼刀不同,這可能對研磨後的粉徑分佈與咖啡風味產生獨特的影響。研究結果在後續的 PCA 圖表中,也確實顯示 Vario 的風味輪廓與其他平刀(如 K30)有所不同。
5. 馬達轉速 (Motor Speed RPM)
數據範圍: 從 320 RPM (Faema MC99) 到 1420 RPM (Mahlkönig K30)。
漿果解析: 這是一個跨度極大的變因。轉速決定了咖啡豆在研磨腔內的停留時間、摩擦產生的熱能,以及顆粒的斷裂模式。轉速差異如此之大,意味著即使刀盤形狀相同(例如同為平刀的 K30 與 Mythos),其萃取出的風味表現也可能因轉速的不同而產生巨大差異。這項研究隱含了一個重要的結論:「磨豆機是一個整體系統,不能僅用刀盤類型來概括。」
6. 落粉倉 (Hopper) 材質
材質: 塑膠 (Plastic) 與 玻璃 (Glass)。
漿果解析: 對於咖啡館日常使用,靜電與落粉順暢度會受材質影響,但對於本研究的風味變因來說,這項規格並非主要影響因素,更多地體現了機器的定位與成本考量。
7. 定量器 (Doser)
狀態: + (有) 或 - (無)。
專業解析: 傳統商用磨豆機(如 MD5, MC99)帶有定量撥粉器 (Doser),這會導致咖啡粉在撥粉倉內堆積、氧化,並產生殘粉。而現代「直出式」(On-demand) 磨豆機(如 Mythos, K30)則沒有這個問題。這是一個非常關鍵的風味變因,研究將其列出,證明了它們意識到 Doser 對風味的潛在影響。
8. 殘粉量 (Retention) —— 這是一組震驚業界的數據
數據範圍: 從最低 0.3 ± 0.6 g (MD5) 到最高 1.4 ± 0.9 g (Robur)。更令人震驚的是誤差值,例如 Vario 的 0.5 ± 1.7 g,這意味著它的殘粉量極不穩定。
漿果解析: 這是這張表格中最有價值的隱藏數據。它用科學數據證實了咖啡圈長期的痛點:
低殘粉並不等於「零殘粉」: 即使是設計優良的直出式磨豆機,依然有 0.5 克到 0.7 克的殘粉。
大殘粉會導致風味不新鮮: Mazzer Robur 的 1.4 克殘粉意味著,在你研磨下一把咖啡時,前一顆豆子的咖啡粉會混進去,導致風味混濁或不新鮮。
Vario 的不穩定性: 誤差值高達 ±1.7 克,說明了 Vario 的殘粉表現非常不穩定,這對沖煮的一致性是一大挑戰。
殘粉與刀盤類型的迷思: 研究數據揭示了,殘粉量與平刀/錐刀並無絕對關聯。例如同為錐刀,Robur 的殘粉極高,而 MD5 的殘粉極低。
9. 靜電 (Static Electricity) —— 研磨的隱形殺手
漿果解析: 每台磨豆機下方都有一張昏暗的照片,展示研磨時產生的靜電火花或粉塵飛濺。我們可以清楚看到某些機台的靜電現象非常強烈,導致咖啡粉四處飛散。
漿果解析: 這張圖表將看不見的「靜電」視覺化。研磨產生的靜電會導致咖啡粉結塊、吸附在落粉通道上,進而影響萃取的均勻度以及粉餅的填壓。這張圖暗示了,在相同的咖啡與環境濕度下,不同機台的靜電問題有巨大的差異,這也是影響最終杯測風味的隱藏變因之一。10. 研磨刻度調整方式 (Setting of Grinder)
觀察: 表中標註了各磨豆機的刻度系統特性,例如:
Steeples, easy:無段微調,且容易調整。
Steeples, medium:無段微調,但調整較緊。
Steps, 10*22 positions:分段式(如 Mahlkönig 的 10 個主刻度,每個主刻度內有 22 個微調點)。
漿果解析: 這反映了各機台在操作上的差異,雖然與風味本身無直接關係,但對於咖啡師在實驗室中設定「目標 TDS (1.43%)」時的難易度與精確度有影響。
【圖片解析:Page 8 - 線性量表 (Line Scale)】
 圖片內容:展示了兩列用於感官評估的未標記線性量表。上方為「香氣 (Smell)」類別,包含榛果、檸檬、巧克力、花香、菸草;下方為「味道 (Taste)」類別,包含甜、酸、苦、酸味、菸草、檸檬、巧克力、甘草、榛果、烘焙味、焦味、焦糖、口感 (Mouth Feel)。每項屬性下方都有一條直線,左端標示「NOTHING (無)」,右端標示「A LOT (強烈)」。
 漿果解析:這是標準的「感官描述性分析 (Descriptive Analysis)」所使用的工具。評審員在直線上畫出一個垂直標記,代表他們對該屬性強度的感知。這種量表允許數據被轉化為數值(透過測量標記的位置),從而進行統計分析。這也是區分「業餘杯測」與「科學感官評估」的關鍵工具。
Page 8 (感官測試)
THE SENSORY TESTS
感官測試
Two different sensory test types has been used in the research project - discriminative and descriptive testing respectively.
本研究專案使用了兩種不同的感官測試類型——分別是區別測試 (Discriminative) 和描述性測試 (Descriptive)。
For the discriminative test, different triangle test was conducted. The respondent is to pick the odd sample out of three cups of coffee.
在區別測試中,進行了三角測試 (Triangle Test)。受測者需要從三杯咖啡中挑出與其他兩杯不同的那一杯。
For the descriptive test, two quantitative profiling trials are conducted.
在描述性測試中,進行了兩次定量輪廓分析試驗。
SENSORY PROFILING
感官輪廓分析
The main difference between classic coffee tasting, cupping, and sensory profiling is the use of a different evaluation scale. Secondly, it's the actual set up where cupping usually takes place in a social setting where multiple judges evaluates 6 to 12 cups in one round whereas sensory science judges individually evaluates one product at a time.
傳統咖啡品嚐(杯測)與感官輪廓分析之間的主要區別在於使用了不同的評估量表。其次,在實際設置上,杯測通常是在社交環境中進行,多位評審在同一輪中評估 6 到 12 杯咖啡;而感官科學的評審則是獨立在單獨的環境中,一次評估一個產品。
TRAINING OF THE JUDGES
評審員培訓
For each of the descriptive tests, training sessions with the judges were carried out. For three sessions of a couple of hours, the entire group was gathered around a table.
在每次描述性測試之前,都對評審員進行了培訓。在為期數小時的三次培訓課程中,整個小組圍坐在桌子旁。
The variance of the coffees in the test were tasted blind. Based on a discussion about the coffees using physical references the judges agree upon perceived attributes to describe the profile.
他們以盲測的方式品嚐測試中咖啡的差異。基於對咖啡的討論,並使用實體參考物(如新鮮花朵、檸檬片、甘草粉等),評審員們就描述該風味輪廓的感知屬性達成共識。
The panel leader, in this research project Francisca Listov-Saabye, brings physical references (fresh flowers, pieces of lemon and oranges, liquorice powder, dark chocolate etc.) based on prior tasting of the coffees.
本研究專案的評審小組組長 Francisca Listov-Saabye,根據事先對咖啡的品嚐,帶來了實體參考物(如新鮮花朵、檸檬和柳橙片、甘草粉、黑巧克力等)。
During the training sessions, the panel came up with other suggestions for the vocabulary, from which the panel leader brought physical references for the next session (e.g. cut pipe tobacco, caramel sauce, fudge, raisins and different types of roasted nuts).
在培訓過程中,評審小組提出了其他詞彙建議,小組組長便為下一次課程帶來相應的實體參考物(例如切碎的煙斗菸草、焦糖醬、軟糖、葡萄乾和不同類型的烤堅果)。
The final vocabulary representing the coffees from the different grinders were determined and the use of the line scale was practised.
最終確定了代表不同磨豆機咖啡的詞彙表,並練習了線性量表的使用方法。
圖 1:SCAE 咖啡沖煮控制圖
在整個專案中,咖啡都沖煮至相同的 %TDS(總溶解固體濃度)。這是為了能夠公平地比較不同的磨豆機。選定磨豆機的初始設定,是根據不同沖煮參數的結果以及主觀品嚐來決定的,目標是找到該咖啡的最佳沖煮點。目標 %TDS 落在 SCAE 咖啡沖煮控制圖中的「理想區塊」(Ideal Square) 內。
漿果解析:這張圖表(SCAE Coffee Brewing Control Chart)不僅是 SCAE 制定沖煮標準的工具,更是整份研磨研究 「控制變因 (Control Variables)」 的核心依據。以下從三個層面為您解析:
1. 圖表座標軸的含義
縱軸 (Y軸):Strength - Solubles Concentration (強度 - 可溶性固體濃度,即 %TDS)
這代表咖啡的「濃淡」程度,通常由咖啡粉與水的比例決定。
橫軸 (X軸):Extraction - Solubles Yield (萃取率 - 可溶性固體產率)
這代表有多少比例的咖啡粉被溶解到水中,通常由研磨粗細、水溫與時間決定。
斜對角虛線:粉水比 (Brew Ratio)
圖中的 90g, 85g, 80g 等數字,代表沖煮一杯咖啡所使用的粉量(例如:使用 60g 的水,搭配 50g 的咖啡粉,位於圖表的右下區域)。
2. 色塊與風味分區的意義
紅色理想區 (SCAE IDEAL):
位置: 中心深紅色方形區塊(TDS 約 1.20% - 1.45%,萃取率約 18% - 22%)。
含義: SCAE 定義的「金杯標準」。在這個範圍內,咖啡的風味被認為是平衡、且表現最佳的。
周圍的風味缺陷區 (紅色文字):
STRONG UNDERDEVELOPED (高濃度/萃取不足): 咖啡很濃,但喝起來平淡、缺乏甜感與複雜度。
STRONG (高濃度): 咖啡很濃,但風味可能過度沉重。
STRONG BITTER (高濃度/過度萃取): 咖啡又濃又苦。
UNDERDEVELOPED (萃取不足): 咖啡喝起來偏酸、水感、缺乏甜度與醇厚度。
BITTER (過度萃取): 咖啡喝起來有明顯的苦味與木質、紙張味。
WEAK (低濃度): 咖啡太淡,風味稀薄。
WEAK BITTER (低濃度/過度萃取): 雖然淡,但依然有苦味。
WEAK UNDERDEVELOPED (低濃度/萃取不足): 最糟糕的狀態,又淡又酸。
3. 本圖表在「金杯研磨研究」中的關鍵作用(實驗設計的基石)
研究團隊面臨的核心挑戰是:要比較「平刀 vs 錐刀」對風味的影響,必須先排除「沖煮濃度」這個變因。如果一台磨豆機磨出來的咖啡是 1.5% TDS,另一台是 1.1% TDS,那麼任何風味的差異都可能是「濃度不同」造成的,而不是「刀盤不同」造成的。
因此,這張圖表在研究中扮演了「校正參數」的角色:
尋找理想點: 研究團隊首先針對每一台磨豆機,進行了多次不同的沖煮試驗。他們透過調整研磨刻度,讓萃取率落在這個紅色理想區塊內。
主觀品嚐驗證: 不僅僅是看數據,團隊還結合了主觀品嚐,確保在達到目標 TDS 的同時,咖啡的風味是「適口的」(Optimum spot)。
鎖定目標變數: 圖表中的 白點 (White Dot) 顯示了他們最終設定的目標位置——TDS 精確鎖定在 1.43%,萃取率約為 21%。
科學公平性: 透過將所有磨豆機的沖煮結果都強制鎖定在 1.43% 這個相同的點,研究團隊確保了之後進行的三角測試 (Triangle Test) 與感官輪廓分析 (Sensory Profiling),可以完全歸因於「磨豆機本身的特性」,而不是沖煮濃度的差異。
Page 11 (三角測試 - 消費者)
RESULTS
結果
TRIANGLE TESTING - IS THERE A DIFFERENCE?
三角測試 - 真的有差異嗎?
CONSUMERS (消費者)
TEST (測試)
Triangle (discriminative) #1 (三角測試 #1)
RESPONDENTS (受測者)
50
SETTING (環境)
Canteen, individual tables (餐廳,獨立桌)
GRINDERS (磨豆機)
La Marzocco MD5 (conical 錐刀) / Nuova Simonelli Mythos (flat 平刀)
BREW (沖煮)
Wilfa Svart Presisjon
TDS (濃度)
1.43% (21% extraction)
COFFEE (咖啡)
Etiopian Tade, Solberg & Hansen
【圖片解析:Page 11 三角測試照片】
 圖片內容:一位受測者在餐廳環境中進行三角測試。桌上放著一杯水、一杯用來漱口的咖啡、以及三杯編號的樣品。受測者正準備在表格上記錄答案。
漿果解析:這張照片展示了「消費者」層級的三角測試。環境是日常的咖啡館或餐廳,受測者是普通消費者。這代表研究不僅測試了咖啡專業人士的辨別能力,也測試了普通消費者對於不同磨豆機風味差異的敏感度。
Are consumers able to taste the difference between coffee from a flat burr grinder and coffee from a conical burr grinder? This was tested in a canteen setting where 50 consumers did a triangle test (randomised between the six options).
消費者能夠分辨出平刀與錐刀磨豆機所研磨咖啡的風味差異嗎?這個問題在餐廳環境中進行了測試,50 名消費者參與了三角測試(在六種排列組合中隨機分配)。
The consumers found NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FILTER COFFEE FROM FLAT AND CONICAL BURRS since only 9 consumers were able to pick the odd sample out. [P<0.001, Meilgaard et al.]
消費者發現,平刀與錐刀磨豆機沖煮出的濾泡咖啡之間沒有顯著差異,因為只有 9 名消費者能夠正確挑出與其他兩杯不同的樣品。[P<0.001, Meilgaard et al.]
COFFEE PROFESSIONALS (咖啡專業人士)
TEST (測試)
Triangle (discriminative) #2 (三角測試 #2)
RESPONDENTS (受測者)
164
SETTING (環境)
Booth, Coffee Fair, SCAE, Nice/France (攤位,咖啡展,法國尼斯)
GRINDERS (磨豆機)
Mazzer Robur (conical 錐刀) / Mahlikönig K30 (flat 平刀)
BREW (沖煮)
Programmable Bunn filter ICB brewer
TDS (濃度)
1.43% (21% extraction)
COFFEE (咖啡)
Etiopian Tade, Solberg & Hansen
The triangle test was repeated by coffee professionals at the SCAE World of Coffee fair in Nice, June 2013.
在 2013 年 6 月於法國尼斯舉行的 SCAE 世界咖啡展上,這項三角測試由咖啡專業人士重複進行。
Here 164 people from the coffee industry performed a triangle test. Fully randomised so that no one got identical test standing next to each other. This was explained to the respondents coming to the booth.
共有 164 位來自咖啡產業的專業人士參與了三角測試。測試是完全隨機化的,確保相鄰的受測者不會拿到相同的測試組合,這點已向來到攤位的受測者說明。
Page 12 (三角測試 - 尼斯現場數據)
【圖片解析:Figure 2】
圖片內容:一個紅色圓形圖表,中央文字為「164 RESPONDENTS IN NICE, FRANCE (法國尼斯的 164 位受測者)」。
漿果解析:這張圖簡單有力地呈現了尼斯測試的樣本規模。164 位受測者是一個相當大的樣本數,足以提供具統計意義的結論。
【圖片解析:Figure 3】
圖片內容:長條圖顯示受測者最喜歡的咖啡飲品偏好。濾泡咖啡 (Filter) 有最高的 70 人選擇,濃縮咖啡 (Espresso) 次之 (約 40 人),愛樂壓 (Aeropress) 約 20 多人。
漿果解析:這張圖表明,參與測試的咖啡專業人士對於「濾泡咖啡」並不陌生,甚至有 70 人將其列為最愛。這增加了測試結果的可信度,因為他們對這種沖煮方式非常熟悉。
The triangle test participants in Nice is an extensive diversity of the multiple roles in the coffee community with a predominance of people having everyday hands-on experience with the coffee and thus tasting coffee extensively.
在尼斯參與三角測試的受測者涵蓋了咖啡社群中的多種角色,且大多數人日常都有實際接觸咖啡的經驗,因此對咖啡的品嚐相當廣泛。
A background questionnaire was obtained in order to get maximum information about the respondents. This revealed the coffee professionals were familiar with the type of test brew, since 70 people had filter brew as their preferred coffee drink.
研究團隊收集了一份背景問卷,以獲取受測者的最大資訊。問卷結果顯示,咖啡專業人士對測試所用的沖煮方式非常熟悉,因為有 70 人將濾泡咖啡列為他們最喜歡的咖啡飲品。
The coffee professionals feel strongly about their coffee. With the question above regarding preferred coffee drink you could tick a box if you use sugar and/or milk/cream in the coffee. Several people wrote NO! beside the boxes.
這些咖啡專業人士對他們的咖啡有強烈的主見。在上述關於最喜歡咖啡飲品的問題中,受測者可以勾選是否會在咖啡中添加糖或牛奶/奶油。好幾個人直接在框框旁邊寫下了「不!」(NO!)。
Page 13 (三角測試結果 - 經驗與能力無關)
【圖片解析:Figure 4】
 圖片內容:世界地圖,以紅色圓點標示受測者的居住地。主要集中在歐洲(英國、法國、北歐、義大利等),也有少數來自北美和亞洲。
漿果解析:這張圖表明研究具有國際性,且受測者主要來自歐洲,特別是對於北歐淺烘焙風格熟悉的國家。
【圖片解析:Figure 5】
圖片內容:長條圖顯示受測者在咖啡產業的資歷(橫軸)與答對與否(縱軸)的關係。紅色網格代表答錯,白色實心代表答對。
漿果解析:這張圖是研究的重大發現之一。它顯示「在咖啡產業的時間長短」與「能否分辨平刀與錐刀風味差異」之間沒有任何關聯。無論是資歷不到 1 年的人,還是超過 15 年的老手,答對的比例都非常低。這直接挑戰了「經驗豐富的咖啡師感官更敏銳」的迷思。
The Coffee Professionals participating in the research were primarily from different parts of Europe, with a large number of the respondents familiar with the lighter roasting trend from the Nordic countries.
參與研究的咖啡專業人士主要來自歐洲各地,其中許多人對北歐國家的淺烘焙趨勢相當熟悉。
The respondents coming by the NBC booth in Nice to participate in the triangle test were also asked about their history in the coffee business. This reveals that there is no correlation amongst time in the coffee business and the ability to distinguish between flat and conical burrs regarding to taste.
來到尼斯 NBC 攤位參與三角測試的受測者也被問及他們在咖啡行業的資歷。結果顯示,在咖啡行業的資歷與分辨平刀和錐刀風味差異的能力之間,沒有相關性。
Page 14 (三角測試結果 - 咖啡攝取量與能力無關)
【圖片解析:Figure 6】
圖片內容:長條圖顯示受測者每天的咖啡攝取量(橫軸)與答對與否(縱軸)的關係。紅色網格代表答錯,紅色實心代表答對。大多數人每天喝 2-4 杯。
漿果解析:這張圖進一步證明,「每天喝多少咖啡」也與能否分辨差異無關。這意味著感官訓練並非單純來自於「喝得多」,而是來自於有意識的品鑑訓練。
Also no learning effect from coffee consumption was found since there is no correlation between daily coffee intake and the ability to get the right answer.
此外,也未發現咖啡攝取具有學習效應,因為每日咖啡攝取量與答對能力之間沒有關聯。
CONCLUSION TRIANGLE TEST NICE, FRANCE
法國尼斯三角測試結論
Since only 48 persons of the 164 coffee professional got the right "odd cup" of the three served it is significantly concluded that COFFEE PROFESSIONALS COULD ACTUALLY NOT TASTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FLAT AND CONICAL BURRS (48 out of 164 -> p<0.001)
由於在 164 位咖啡專業人士中,只有 48 人正確選出了三杯中與其他不同的那杯,因此可以得出一個具統計顯著性的結論:咖啡專業人士實際上無法分辨出平刀與錐刀磨豆機之間的風味差異(164 人中僅有 48 人答對,p<0.001)。
The poor result was somewhat unexpected to the research team, although no one assumed it was easy. The result was an actual shock to the coffee community itself and was received with disbelief.
這個糟糕的結果對研究團隊來說有些出乎意料,儘管沒有人認為這項任務很簡單。這個結果對整個咖啡社群來說是一記真正的震撼,並被以難以置信的態度所接收。
Page 15 (感官輪廓測試 - 專業評審團)
THE SENSORY PROFILING TEST
感官輪廓測試
Since the taste differences between coffees from flat versus conical burrs are extremely small and not possible to detect in a triangle test another approach was needed.
既然平刀與錐刀咖啡之間的風味差異極其微小,無法在三角測試中被檢測出來,因此需要另一種方法。
The minor variances in the profile due to the grinder used was to be described by a sensory panel.
這種因磨豆機不同而導致的風味輪廓微小差異,將由感官評審小組來進行描述。
An expert sensory panel consisting of people working professionally with coffee (roaster, previous coffee bar owner, Cup of Excellence judge, barista and coffee consultant) was gathered in Copenhagen.
在哥本哈根召集了一個由咖啡專業人士組成的專家感官評審小組(成員包括烘焙師、前咖啡館老闆、卓越杯評審、咖啡師和咖啡顧問)。
Since these people were accustomed to evaluating coffee by classic cupping a challenge was upon the panel leader. Could Francisca Listov-Saabye "teach old dogs new tricks"?
由於這些人都習慣於透過傳統杯測來評估咖啡,小組組長面臨了一項挑戰:Francisca Listov-Saabye 能否「教會老狗新把戲」?
The training sessions began and the line scale was introduced along with physical references. The panel agreed upon following sensory attributes describing the coffee spectrum:
培訓課程開始,並介紹了線性量表以及實體參考物。評審小組針對描述咖啡風味光譜的感官屬性達成了共識:
The profile sessions took place at the NBC Coffee lab, at individually tables. Brewing area was out of sight.
輪廓分析會議在 NBC 咖啡實驗室進行,每位評審員使用獨立的桌子。沖煮區域被隔離在視線之外。
The panel members were served coffee in individual order and at their own pace. They received no information about the aim of the project so they had no background facts connected to the coffees and did not know what differentiated the samples (that being the different grinders but the same coffee).
評審員按照個人順序和自行決定的步調接受咖啡樣品。他們沒有獲得關於專案目標的任何資訊,因此對咖啡沒有任何背景知識,也不知道樣品之間是由什麼因素區分的(即它們是同一支咖啡,但使用不同磨豆機)。
The results were analysed and displayed by multivariate statistics.
結果透過多變量統計進行了分析和呈現。
【圖片解析:Figure 7】
圖片內容:這是 PLS 圖 (Partial Least Squares plot),一種多變量統計分析圖表。圖中紅色虛線橢圓內集中了所有的感官屬性 (Attributes),藍色虛線橢圓內則集中了磨豆機 (Grinders)。左側的座標軸標示了評審員 (Judges) 的變異。
漿果解析:這張圖表揭示了兩個重要的事實。首先,「評審員自身」的變異性,是解釋模型差異的最大因素(這體現在左側的大橢圓中,特別是評審員 3 號與其他評審員的極大差異)。這意味著,即使訓練有素的專家,其個人評分標準的差異也遠大於磨豆機之間的微小差異。其次,資料顯示評審員在線性量表的使用上存在不一致。
The plot (figure 7) shows that all the sensory attributes (in red) describing the coffee are located in one side. This is due to the fact that the judges (pan1 – pan6) themselves actually accounts for the biggest explanation of the model-marked by the red dotted ellipse. The grinders have a much narrower variance- marked by the blue ellipse.
圖表 (圖 7) 顯示,描述咖啡的所有感官屬性(紅色標記)都集中在同一側。這是因為評審員本身(pan1 – pan6)實際上是模型解釋中最大的變異來源——由紅色虛線橢圓標記。磨豆機之間的變異則小得多——由藍色虛線橢圓標記。
The position of the attributes and the panel members indicates that they were not able to use the scale in the same way and that e.g. panel member no. 3 consistently graded the coffees higher intensities that panel member 2 and 6.
屬性和評審員的位置表明,他們無法以相同的方式使用量表,例如,評審員 3 號對咖啡強度的評分始終高於評審員 2 號和 6 號。
Looking into the raw data it seems that the panel members, all being coffee experts or professionals, can't help to evaluate more than the plain attributes-one at a time. They will start to guess where the coffee is from, how it is brewed and so on. They can't put the coffee nerd aside!
觀察原始數據,似乎這些小組成員(皆為咖啡專家或專業人士)無法抑制自己超越單純評估屬性的衝動。他們會開始猜測咖啡的產地、沖煮方式等等。他們無法放下咖啡宅的身份!
Page 17 (平刀 vs 錐刀 PLS 模型)
【圖片解析:Figure 8】
圖片內容:這是另一個 PLS 模型圖表,專門用來區分平刀與錐刀磨豆機。紅色虛線橢圓(左側)標記了錐刀磨豆機 (Faema, Marzocco),並與 `SWEET (甜)` 屬性關聯。紅色虛線橢圓(右側)標記了平刀磨豆機 (Vario, K30, Mythos),並與 `ACIDIC (酸)` 屬性關聯。
漿果解析:儘管三角測試失敗,但這個多變量模型揭示了一個重要的「趨勢」。資料顯示,錐刀磨豆機傾向於與「甜味」相關聯,而平刀磨豆機則傾向於與「酸味」相關聯。這個發現雖然微小,但暗示了磨豆機刀盤類型確實對風味輪廓有非常細微的影響,只是這種影響過於微小,無法在感官測試中被明確辨識。
Is it all bad then, trying to get coffee people to use traditionally sensory science? No - there are some tendencies:
那麼,試圖讓咖啡從業人員使用傳統的感官科學,就全然是壞事嗎?不——存在一些傾向:
If a new multivariate model is computed to distinguish between the grinders there is a clear tendency towards the conical grinders - marked by the red dotted ellipse in figure 8- are described by sweet taste whereas the flat grinders - marked by the red dashed ellipse - are described by more acidic taste.
如果計算一個新的多變量模型來區分磨豆機,會出現一個明顯的趨勢:錐刀磨豆機——由圖 8 中的紅色虛線橢圓標記——被描述為具有「甜味」,而平刀磨豆機——由紅色虛線橢圓標記——則被描述為具有較多的「酸味」。
These tendencies are worth looking into. Therefore a similar sensory profiling was conducted. This time by a sensory panel consisting of food science researchers and master students.
這些趨勢值得進一步探討。因此,進行了另一次類似的感官輪廓分析。這次由食品科學研究人員和碩士生組成的感官評審小組來執行。
All located at the Food Science Department of Copenhagen University. The panel members had prior experience with sensory profiling of different food stuffs and are all familiar with drinking coffee.
所有成員都來自哥本哈根大學食品科學系。這些小組成員先前有對不同食品進行感官輪廓分析的經驗,並且都習慣喝咖啡。
Page 18 (大學感官評審小組測試)
SENSORY PROFILING, UNIVERSITY PANEL
感官輪廓分析,大學評審小組
【圖片解析:Page 18 大學感官實驗室照片】
圖片內容:展示了標準的感官科學實驗室環境。評審員在獨立的隔間 (Booth) 內進行品評,環境是封閉、中性、隔音且無異味的。樣品透過傳遞口送達。
漿果解析:這與傳統杯測的社交環境完全不同。這個環境確保了評審員在評估時不會受到任何外界干擾或相互影響,是獲得客觀、科學數據的黃金標準。
The sensory lab at the University is an accredited sensory evaluation lab consisting of individual booths in a closed, neutral, sound proof and odour free environment.
大學的感官實驗室是一個經過認證的感官評估實驗室,由獨立的隔間組成,環境封閉、中性、隔音且無異味。
The randomised samples were served to the judges from a hatch.
隨機化的樣品透過傳遞口送達給評審員。
Again, the samples we served individually at each sensory judge's own pace. Serving was randomised across judges to eliminate carry-over effects.
同樣地,樣品以每位感官評審員自己的步調個別提供。樣品的供應在評審員之間是隨機的,以消除殘留效應 (Carry-over effects)。
During the training sessions the university panel came up with similar sensory attributes to describe the coffees although not exactly the same words as the sensory panel consisting of coffee professionals.
在培訓課程中,大學評審小組提出了描述咖啡的相似感官屬性,雖然與由咖啡專業人士組成的感官小組所用的詞彙不完全相同。
Some words were added, such as sour and burnt, and some words were specified, such as citrus becoming lemon.
增加了一些詞彙,例如 sour (酸) 和 burnt (焦),並且對一些詞彙進行了細化,例如 citrus (柑橘) 變成了 lemon (檸檬)。
The sensory judges rinsed their palates in between samples with still and sparkling water.
感官評審員在樣品之間使用靜水和氣泡水來漱口清潔味蕾。
Page 19 (大學感官小組數據分析)
【圖片解析:Figure 9】
圖片內容:這是主成分分析 (PCA) 圖表,X 軸為 PC1 (52.3%),Y 軸為 PC2 (20.2%)。圖中紅色字體標示了不同的磨豆機,黑色字體標示了感官屬性。
漿果解析:這個由大學感官小組得出的 PCA 圖表,提供了比專業評審團更清晰的資訊。圖表顯示:
Mahlkönig K30 (平刀) 位於圖表左上方,與 `T_bitter (苦味)`、`T_burnt (焦味)`、`S_tobacco (菸草香)` 等屬性強烈相關。
Simonelli Mythos 與 Mazzer Robur 位於圖表右側,與 `T_sweet (甜味)`、`S_hazelnuts (榛果香)`、`T_hazelnuts (榛果味)` 相關。
Faema MC99 在圖表上方,與 `S_chocolate (巧克力香)` 相關。
Mahlkönig Vario 在下方,與 `T_roasted (烘焙味)`、`T_acidic (酸味)` 相關。
La Marzocco MD5 位於中心,表明它在這五台磨豆機中風味最不突出。
Figure 9. Principal component 1 versus principal component 2.
圖 9. 主成分 1 與主成分 2 的對應關係。
Figure 9 shows the correlation between the grinders - written in red- and the sensory attributes – written in black.
圖 9 顯示了磨豆機(紅色標記)與感官屬性(黑色標記)之間的相關性。
Hence it shows that the Mahlkönig K30 grinder produces a coffee that has a higher intensity of bitter, burnt and tobacco notes whereas opposite both the Simonelli Mythos and the Mazzer Robur grinder gives a coffee described as more sweet, with both hazelnut smell and taste.
因此,它顯示 Mahlkönig K30 磨豆機所研磨出的咖啡,具有較高強度的苦味、焦味和菸草味;相反地,Simonelli Mythos 和 Mazzer Robur 磨豆機所研磨出的咖啡,則被描述為更甜,並帶有榛果的香氣和味道。
The Faema C99 grinder evaporates a more intense smell of chocolate compared to Mahlkönig Vario which has a more roasted and acidic profile.
與 Mahlkönig Vario 相比,Faema C99 磨豆機散發出更濃烈的巧克力香氣,而 Vario 則具有更多的烘焙味和酸質輪廓。
The location of La Marzocco MD5 in the middle indicates that the grinder, in this study, did not have a profound characteristics compared to the other five grinders.
La Marzocco MD5 位於中心位置,表明在這項研究中,與其他五台磨豆機相比,它沒有突出的特徵。
Page 22 (粒徑分佈)
【圖片解析:Figure 12】
圖片內容:兩張曲線圖,顯示了同一台磨豆機 (New Simonelli Mythos) 在相同設定下,對於淺焙 (Light Roast,上方) 與深焙 (Dark Roast,下方) 咖啡豆的粒徑分佈曲線。
漿果解析:這張圖證明了研磨的複雜性。即使使用同一台磨豆機、相同的刻度設定,不同烘焙度的咖啡豆(因為密度和脆度不同)也會產生截然不同的粒徑分佈曲線。這意味著,磨豆機的設定必須根據烘焙度進行調整,沒有萬能的參數。
Figure 12. Mean particle size distribution
圖 12. 平均粒徑分佈
The above two plots of particle distribution are the same grinder (the new Simonelli Mythos), same setting but light roast above and dark roast below which just confirms the complexity of the grinder topic.
上述兩張粒徑分佈圖來自同一台磨豆機(新 Simonelli Mythos),相同的設定,但上方為淺焙,下方為深焙。這正好證實了磨豆機議題的複雜性。
Page 23 (NBC 2013 現場杯測)
DISCRIMINATIVE CUPPING TEST AT THE NBC 2013
NBC 2013 現場區別性杯測
In the sensory profiling the academic panel at the university found that the attributes BURNT and SOUR were significantly differentiating between the grinders.
在大學的感官輪廓分析中,學術評審小組發現「焦味」(BURNT) 和「酸味」(SOUR) 這兩個屬性是區分磨豆機的顯著特徵。
【圖片解析:Figure 13】
 圖片內容:長條圖顯示了不同磨豆機在 `T_BITTER (苦味)` 和 `T_SOUR (酸味)` 兩個屬性上的分數與統計顯著性。例如,Mahlkönig K30 (標號 4) 的苦味顯著高於其他磨豆機,而其酸味也較高。
 漿果解析:這張圖表為 NBC 現場測試提供了科學基礎。它證實了「苦味」和「酸味」確實是區分這些磨豆機風味差異的關鍵指標。因此,NBC 的現場杯測便以此為核心來設計測試題目。
The cupping session during the Nordic Barista Cup in Oslo, Norway in September 2013 was based on this finding.
2013 年 9 月在挪威奧斯陸舉行的北歐咖啡師盃期間的杯測活動,就是基於這項發現來設計的。
The 147 attendees were given a test to find the odd sample out of three. Two different tests were conducted: One with respect to SOUR ("which sample differs from the two others in sourness?") and BITTER ("which sample differs from the two others with respect to bitterness?")
147 位與會者接受了一項測試,要求從三杯中找出與其他兩杯不同的樣品。進行了兩種不同的測試:一種關於「酸味」的測試(「哪個樣品在酸度上與其他兩個不同?」),另一種是關於「苦味」的測試(「哪個樣品在苦味上與其他兩個不同?」)。
The NBC attendees found it slightly easier to discriminate the samples when referring to SOUR rather than concentrating on BITTER taste.
NBC 的與會者發現,當他們專注於「酸味」時,比專注於「苦味」時稍微容易區分樣品。
But only 20 of the 147 persons participating the grinding cupping got both tests right. The attendees, being coffee professionals from all over the world, WERE NOT ABLE TO TASTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FLAT AND CONICAL BURRS.
但參加研磨杯測的 147 人中,只有 20 人兩項測試都答對。這些來自世界各地的咖啡專業人士,仍然無法品嚐出平刀與錐刀磨豆機之間的風味差異。
Page 24 (結論)
CONCLUSION
結論
The NBC/SCAE Gold Cup Grinding Research project set out to find out if there really was a detectable taste difference between coffees from a flat burr grinder compared to a conical burr grinder.
NBC/SCAE 金杯研磨研究專案的初衷,是為了找出平刀與錐刀磨豆機所研磨出的咖啡之間,是否真的存在可被察覺的風味差異。
Nothing in grinders is black and white. More like a thousand shades of grey. The differences are so small that it is hard to detect.
關於磨豆機的一切都不是非黑即白的。更像是千種灰色調。其中的差異非常微小,以至於難以察覺。
And given a triangle test neither consumers nor coffee professionals were able to find the difference. Not even when a descriptive word exists to focus the mind when tasting.
在三角測試中,無論是消費者還是咖啡專業人士,都無法找出其中的差異。即使在品嚐時提供描述性詞彙來引導味覺焦點,結果也是如此。
Grinders are so much more than the set of burrs. Not only does the type (flat or conical) matter, but also the size of the burrs, the size and speed of the motor, the feeding angle into the grinder, the retention and regrind as well as the physical appearance itself.
磨豆機遠不僅僅是刀盤而已。不僅刀盤的類型(平刀或錐刀)重要,刀盤的尺寸、馬達的尺寸與轉速、咖啡豆落入刀盤的角度、殘粉量、二次研磨以及磨豆機的物理外觀本身,都會造成影響。
Grinders are individuals - having an affect on the coffee as well as the operating barista.
每台磨豆機都是獨一無二的個體——它們不僅影響咖啡,也影響操作它們的咖啡師。
Page 25 (未來展望)
FUTURE
未來展望
There are still a lot of scientific research opportunities waiting to be discovered in specialty coffee. Francisca hopes to be part of the myth busting as well as the revelation of truths in the future.
在精品咖啡領域,仍有許多科學研究機會等待被發掘。Francisca 希望未來能繼續參與破除迷思和揭示真相的工作。
Francisca's dream is to get a PhD in coffee research. But partners and sponsors are needed in order to plan and have a three year project approved.
Francisca 的夢想是取得咖啡研究的博士學位。但這需要合作夥伴和贊助商的支持,才能規劃並批准一個為期三年的研究項目。
Multiple ideas for smaller or bigger research projects are available however for cooperation and ventures immediately:
目前已有許多大大小小的研究項目構想可供合作和投資:
Can you actually taste the difference between washed and dry filters in a pour over coffee?
   在手沖咖啡中,你真的能分辨出水洗濾紙與乾燥濾紙的風味差異嗎?
What is the connection between degree of roasting and particle size distribution?
   烘焙程度與粒徑分佈之間的關聯是什麼?
What is the link concerning the age of the burrs and taste effect in the coffee?
   刀盤的磨損程度與咖啡風味影響之間的關聯是什麼?
How does the speed of the grinder affect the taste of coffee and the particle size distribution?
   磨豆機的轉速如何影響咖啡的風味和粒徑分佈?
Sensory profiling of different origin of coffee
   不同產地咖啡的感官輪廓分析
How does the teeth pattern of the burrs affect the taste of the coffee?
   刀盤的齒紋設計如何影響咖啡的風味?
Please don't hesitate to contact Francisca Listov-Saabye.
歡迎隨時聯繫 Francisca Listov-Saabye。
Page 26 (致謝)
THANKS TO THE RESEARCH PARTNERS & SPONSORS
感謝研究合作夥伴與贊助商
The NBC/SCAE Gold Cup Grinding Research project is thankful for the partners and sponsors whose help we could not do without.
NBC/SCAE 金杯研磨研究專案非常感謝那些我們不可或缺的合作夥伴與贊助商。
In accordance with the sponsorship the research partners receive this additionally report with more details and unpublished scientific results.
根據贊助協議,研究合作夥伴將收到這份包含更多細節和未公開科學結果的補充報告。
We appreciate your donation:
我們感謝您的捐贈:
(Logo: Nuova Simonelli, Solberg & Hansen, BUNN, wilfa, KaffeMekka, EUROPA, Puly Caff, marco, AMOR PERFECTO, BLASERCAFÉ, SCAE)
As well as the co-operation with the University of Copenhagen, SCIENCE; Faculty of Life Science Department of Food Science.
同時也感謝與哥本哈根大學、生命科學學院食品科學系的合作。
Francisca would also like to acknowledge the people who help throughout the project - either guiding the way into Speciality Coffee or otherwise professional sparring:
Francisca 也感謝在整個專案中提供幫助的人們——無論是引導她進入精品咖啡領域,還是提供專業上的切磋:
Björg Brend
Tim Wendelboe
Jens H. Thomsen
Michael de Renouard
Michael Bom Frost
Thomas Skov
Morten Munchow
Troels Overdal Poulsen
Special thanks to Jens Nørgaards for his vision, support and guidance.
特別感謝 Jens Nørgaards 的遠見、支持和指導。
Page 27 (附錄與參考文獻)
APPENDIX & REFERENCES
附錄與參考文獻
SET UP TRIANGLE TESTING:
三角測試的設置:
AAB ABA BAA BBA BAB AAB
Testing two different coffees A and B. In this study being from flat and conical burr grinder respectively.
測試兩種不同的咖啡 A 和 B。在本研究中,分別代表來自平刀和錐刀磨豆機的咖啡。
REFERENCES SENSORY SCIENCE
感官科學參考文獻
Meilgaard, Civille and Carr. Sensory Evaluation Techniques, fourth ed. 2007, CRC Press.
Lawless and Heyman. Sensory evaluation of food - principles and practices. 1998. Chapman & Hall
REFERENCES MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS
多變量統計參考文獻
Martens, Wedoe and Martens. Manual for sensory data analysis in the Unscrambler. 1999.
Martens and Martens. Multivariate analysis of quality - an introduction. 2001. Wiley & sons
(本篇翻譯終了)
往期SCA/WCR相關文章回顧
漿果讀|WCR 感官詞彙庫(1)
漿果讀|WCR 感官詞彙庫(2)
漿果讀|WCR 感官詞彙庫(3)
漿果讀|WCR 感官詞彙庫(4)
漿果讀|WCR 感官詞彙庫(完)
漿果翻譯:《SCAA阿拉比卡種瑕疵豆手冊》(1)
漿果翻譯:《SCAA阿拉比卡種瑕疵豆手冊》(2)
漿果翻譯:《SCAA阿拉比卡瑕疵手冊》(3)
漿果翻譯:《SCAA阿拉比卡瑕疵手冊》(4)
漿果翻譯:《SCAA阿拉比卡瑕疵手冊》(5)
漿果翻譯:《SCAA阿拉比卡瑕疵手冊》(完結)
漿果研讀|CVA:一套評估咖啡價值の體系(1)
漿果研讀|CVA:一套評估咖啡價值の體系(2)
漿果研讀|CVA:一套評估咖啡價值の體系(3)
漿果研讀|CVA:一套評估咖啡價值の體系(4)
漿果研讀|CVA:一套評估咖啡價值の體系(5)
漿果研讀|CVA:一套評估咖啡價值の體系(完)
漿果研讀|CVA樣品製備及品測機制
漿果研讀|CVA 描述表(SCA103-2024)
漿果研讀|CVA 情感評估表
漿果研讀|CVA 外再評估(SCA105-2025)
漿果研讀|品測師專業能力(SCA710-2025)
漿果研讀|SCA 感官杯測手冊(1)
漿果研讀|SCA 感官杯測手冊(2)
漿果研讀|SCA 感官杯測手冊(3)
漿果研讀|SCA 感官杯測手冊(4)
漿果研讀|SCA 感官杯測手冊(5)
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