（一）婴儿与他们的早期学习
Babies and their early learning
1. 儿童是一个主动的学习者，而不是一个被动的学习者。
The child is an active learner, not a passive learner.
心得：儿童成长过程中，不仅是在课堂上学习科学文化知识，更是学会如何独处，如何交往、如何连接社会。知识很多，但生活更大。教师不能仅限于会教书，知识要走出课本，走进学生生活实际。总之，教书不要教死，要教活。也不要让学生牵住鼻子，走偏方向，教师要做引导者，成为主导者。
2. 促进儿童认知与社会/情绪发展的关键因素：
温暖与适时回应，以及语言的发展。其中语言的质和量都很重要。儿童的大脑是个学习机器，要有足够的输入，大脑才能有效学习。提高语言质量最简单的方式是围绕图书做互动。
Key factors for cognitive development and social/emotional development: Warmth, which gives happiness and safety. Responsive contingency, which promotes healthy psychology. Language development, both the quality and the quantity. The child's brain is in effect a learning machine, and the brain requires sufficient input to learn effectively. The easiest way to extend the quality of language is with interactions around books.
3. 沟通意图：
人、脸和眼睛是认识周围世界的窗口。直接的眼神对视、做鬼脸、用“儿向语”或“父母语”、适时回应并交替与婴儿互动，这些都是在吸引注意力并建立沟通意图。
People, faces and eyes are the window to the world. Direct eye gaze, making a funny face, speaking in “infant-directed speech” or “Parentese”, responding and taking turns with babies are ways to draw attention and build communicative intentions.
4. 依恋和安全感：
儿童学习到社会道德准则的经历，以及促进安全依恋关系的经历，在早期阶段主要发生在家庭互动的环境中。家庭所提供的早期学习环境对心理、认知、社会和情绪发展都有着极大的影响。父母，祖父母，哥哥姐姐，好的老师和保姆都可以成为儿童的安全依恋对象，提供高质量的学习与生活环境。
The early learning environment where social-moral norms are learned and secure attachment is supported primarily is family interactions. The early learning environment offered by the family has profound effects on psychological, cognitive, social and emotional development. Accordingly, parents, grandparents, older siblings, good teachers, and nannies can all act as figures of secure attachment, providing high-quality learning and living environment.
5. 社会化的大脑与共同关注：
人脑是社会化的大脑，因为人是群居动物。婴儿天生就倾向于和他人相处并保持社交的亲密度。他们在很早期就开始发展对心理的理解。他们会跟随他人的目光，他们会用手去指某个物品，他们有了沟通意图。对一个物体进行共同关注是一项关键的发展。这清楚地表明儿童已经能够明白他人的心理状态。共同关注的目的是交流和分享体验。在这种互动中，照料者通常会将知识传递给儿童。这就是一个适时回应的例子——婴儿对某个物体展现出兴趣，照料者回应，其中的互动能够促进学习。因此，将儿童的关注点作为互动的起点，对有效的学习是非常重要的。
The human brain is a social brain, because humans are a social species. Babies are naturally inclined to be with other people and maintain social closeness. They are developing psychological understanding from very early indeed. They follow adult's gaze. They point at something. They have communicative intent. Joint attention to an object is key to development. It indicates that infants are aware of the mental states of other people. Joint attention is about communicating and sharing experiences. That interaction usually passes knowledge from carer to child. This is an example of responsive contingency—the infant shows an interest in something, the carer responds, and there is an interaction which enables learning. Therefore, taking the child's focus of attention as the starting point for the interaction is very important for effective learning.
参考文献：（英）乌莎·戈斯瓦米 (Usha Goswami).儿童心理学[M].吴帆，译.南京：译林出版社，2019.6
（牛津通识读本）
书名原文：Child Psychology: A Very Short Introduction
