（五）美方232调查违反多边经贸规则
5. The US Section 232 Investigations Contravene Multilateral Economic and Trade Rules
2017年以来，美方频繁使用232调查，将其作为贸易保护和谈判施压的工具。2017年至2021年共发起8起232调查，包括钢铁、铝、汽车及零部件、移动式起重机等。调查频率之高、针对产品范围之广前所未有。
Since 2017, the US side has frequently initiated Section 232 investigations as a weapon of trade protectionism to exert pressure on others in negotiations. From 2017 to 2021, it conducted eight Section 232 investigations against products including steel and aluminum, automobiles and auto parts, and mobile cranes. Such investigations had never been more frequent, and the range of products targeted had never been wider.
2017年4月，美国商务部宣布对进口至美国的钢铝产品发起232调查。2018年3月，美国宣布以维护国家安全为由对进口钢铁和铝产品分别加征25%和10%的关税。在该案调查过程中，美国国防部曾致函美国商务部，称进口的钢铝产品并不影响国防部获取满足国防需求的钢铝产品。
In April 2017, the USDOC announced Section 232 investigations against steel and aluminum imports. In March 2018, the US announced 25 percent tariffs on steel and 10 percent tariffs on aluminum, citing national security reasons. During the investigations, the US Department of Defense wrote to the USDOC, stating that steel and aluminum imports were not having a detrimental effect on the department's procurement of steel and aluminum products that meet national defense needs.
Procurement n. 获得；采购
【Tip22】美国国防部the US Department of Defense
事实证明，钢铝232关税解决的并非美国家安全问题，而是为了在谈判中施加压力。在北美自由贸易区重新谈判中，美国在获得想要的条件后才取消了对加拿大和墨西哥的钢铝产品关税；
It is self-evident that the purpose of Section 232 measures against steel and aluminum is to impose pressure on others in negotiations, and not to address US national security problems. In the renegotiation of the North America Free Trade Agreement, the US lifted the tariffs on the steel and aluminum products of Canada and Mexico only after it was given what it wanted.
在与韩国的自贸协定修订谈判中，美国于韩国在汽车贸易方面作出退让后，才将对韩国钢铝产品的232措施从关税转换为关税配额；在与欧盟的谈判中，美国在欧盟同意取消对美国产品的限制措施，并与美国共同对抗所谓的“非市场经济行为”后，才将对欧盟的232钢铝措施从关税转换为关税配额。
In the renegotiation of US-ROK Free Trade Agreement, the US changed its Section 232 measures against the steel and aluminum products of the ROK from tariffs to tariff quotasonly after the ROK made a compromise on trade in automobiles. In negotiations with the EU, the US changed its Section 232 measures against EU steel and aluminum products from tariffs to tariff quotas only after the EU agreed to drop its restrictive measures on US products and join with the US in opposing what it claims is "non-market economy behavior".
美国的232调查以国家安全之名，行贸易限制和谈判施压之实，不仅损害其他国家和地区的合法权益，还违反了美国的国际义务，破坏了多边贸易体制。
The US Section 232 investigations abuse the concept of national security to justify trade restrictions and put pressure on others in negotiations, which damages the legitimate rights and interests of other countries and regions, breaches US international obligations, and undermines the multilateral trading system.
包括中国、欧盟在内的多个世界贸易组织成员将美国对进口钢铝产品实施的232限制措施诉至世界贸易组织争端解决机制。
Several WTO members including China and the EU have litigated through the WTO dispute settlement mechanism over the restrictive US measures on steel and aluminum imports.
在争端解决程序中，世界贸易组织专家组明确认定美国的232钢铝措施违反世界贸易组织成员必须遵守的核心义务，包括《1994年关税与贸易总协定》第1条规定的最惠国待遇义务和第2条规定的约束税率义务。
In the dispute settlement procedures, the WTO expert panel ruled clearly that these measures violated the core obligations that must be observed by WTO members, including the MFN treatment and tariff binding stipulated respectively in Article 1 and Article 2 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994.
2025年2月10日，美国发布公告，宣布对进口钢铝产品恢复232措施，提高铝产品关税税率，取消对相关国家的关税豁免。3月10日，美方分别对进口铜和木材发起232调查。
On February 10, 2025, the US announced the resumption of Section 232 measures on imported steel and aluminum, increased tariff rates on aluminum products, and cancelled tariff exclusions for relevant countries. On March 10, 2025, the US initiated Section 232 investigations against imported copper and then timber.
根据“美国第一”贸易政策报告执行摘要，美方还可能对药品、半导体和一些关键矿产启动新的232调查。
According to the Report on the America First Trade Policy Executive Summary, the US side identified additional products and sectors thatmeritconsideration for initiation of new Section 232 investigations, including pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and certain critical minerals.
Merit n. 功勋，功劳；价值；长处，优点vt. 值得；应获得
